See fer in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "fer"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "fer"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "fé"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "faer"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "fer"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "fier"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "ferrum"
},
"expansion": "Latin ferrum",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin ferrum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fer oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "fers",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fers",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "fer oblique singular, m (oblique plural fers, nominative singular fers, nominative plural fer)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 7 31 34",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fro",
"name": "Metals",
"orig": "fro:Metals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"iron (metal)"
],
"id": "en-fer-fro-noun-u54YYs-q",
"links": [
[
"iron",
"iron"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 4 1 2 1 3 1 6 1 1 1 0 0 2 5 0 2 16 16 5 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 4 2 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 31 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 0 1 20 20 5 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 7 2 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 7 31 34",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fro",
"name": "Metals",
"orig": "fro:Metals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sword (made of iron)"
],
"id": "en-fer-fro-noun-h~8P64bx",
"links": [
[
"sword",
"sword"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) sword (made of iron)"
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"word": "fer"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "fier"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "fier"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "fere"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "fer"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "fierce"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "fearse"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"from the nominative singular fers"
],
"word": "fers"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "ferum"
},
"expansion": "Latin ferum",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin ferum, accusative of ferus (“wild”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fere",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "feres",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "feres",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "feres",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fier",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"10": "",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "oblique and nominative feminine singular",
"4": "fere",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"g": "m",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "fer m (oblique and nominative feminine singular fere)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fer m (oblique and nominative feminine singular fere)",
"name": "fro-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 7 31 34",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fro",
"name": "Metals",
"orig": "fro:Metals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cruel; harsh"
],
"id": "en-fer-fro-adj-fS3DVZwX",
"links": [
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
38,
41
]
],
"english": "Four feet has the beast, and it is of a very ferocious nature",
"ref": "c. 1120, Philippe de Taon, Bestiaire:",
"text": "Quatre pez ad la beste, e mult est de fer estre",
"translation": "Four feet has the beast, and it is of a very ferocious nature",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fierce; ferocious"
],
"id": "en-fer-fro-adj-MlMUrqlK",
"links": [
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
],
[
"ferocious",
"ferocious"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "fer"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French adjectives",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Pages with 31 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"fro:Metals"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "fer"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "fer"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "fé"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "faer"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "fer"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "fier"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "ferrum"
},
"expansion": "Latin ferrum",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin ferrum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fer oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "fers",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fers",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "fer oblique singular, m (oblique plural fers, nominative singular fers, nominative plural fer)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"iron (metal)"
],
"links": [
[
"iron",
"iron"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sword (made of iron)"
],
"links": [
[
"sword",
"sword"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) sword (made of iron)"
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"word": "fer"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French adjectives",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Pages with 31 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"fro:Metals"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "fier"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "fier"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "fere"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "fer"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "fierce"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "fearse"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"from the nominative singular fers"
],
"word": "fers"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "ferum"
},
"expansion": "Latin ferum",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin ferum, accusative of ferus (“wild”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fere",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "feres",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "fers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "feres",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "feres",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fier",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"10": "",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "oblique and nominative feminine singular",
"4": "fere",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"g": "m",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "fer m (oblique and nominative feminine singular fere)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fer m (oblique and nominative feminine singular fere)",
"name": "fro-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"cruel; harsh"
],
"links": [
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old French terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
38,
41
]
],
"english": "Four feet has the beast, and it is of a very ferocious nature",
"ref": "c. 1120, Philippe de Taon, Bestiaire:",
"text": "Quatre pez ad la beste, e mult est de fer estre",
"translation": "Four feet has the beast, and it is of a very ferocious nature",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fierce; ferocious"
],
"links": [
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
],
[
"ferocious",
"ferocious"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "fer"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fer meaning in Old French (5.2kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'fer oblique singular or', originally 'fer oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"fer"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "fer",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'fer oblique singular or', originally 'fer oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"fer"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "fer",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'canonical']: 'fer oblique singular or' in 'fer oblique singular, m (oblique plural fers, nominative singular fers, nominative plural fer)'",
"path": [
"fer"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "fer",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (96027d6 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.